ENVIRONMENTAL MIGRANTS – REFUGEES AND CRISIS MANAGEMENT POLICIES
DOI:
https://doi.org/10.29302/Pangeea25.47Keywords:
environmental migrants-refugees, climate change, managing policies.Abstract
Climate change is one of the biggest emerging environmental challenges of our time, which is taking on ever greater dimensions from the time of the industrial revolution to today, with incalculable adverse effects on the economy, physical and mental health, and society in general. The effects of climate change force many people every day to seek shelter in other parts of the world. According to many scientists, climate migration is the most important problem that humanity will face in the coming decades. Although objections have raised from time to time about the reliability of estimates of climate displacement, of estimates of climate displacement, no one can dispute the existence of the phenomenon and the consequent trend of population displacement. Additionally, environmental migration can be the result of a slow process of environmental degradation. The international community will be asked to face significant challenges regarding this issue and it will become imperative to create a comprehensive proposal, which will act as a shield of protection and which will aim to defend the rights of people who are forced into displacement due to environmental degradation. Finally, the research part presents the research conducted and analyzes the conclusions obtained from the collection and analysis of the qyestionnaire data, which includes targeted questions of a mixed type and which was distributed to people in the population who were easily accessible (convenience sampling) , so as to ensure on the one hand the greatest possible participation of them in this research and on the other hand to illuminate as fully as possible the prevailing opinions and beliefs of these individuals regarding the issue under consideration.
References
1. Georgiadi A-K. (2022). The 6th phase of the European Energy Policy: The Energy Union - The Paris Agreement - “Clean energy for all Europeans”, “Clean energy for European islands”. The European Green Deal. Diploma thesis-Law School-D.P.Th, available at: https://repo.lib.duth.gr/jspui/bitstream/123456789/15044/1/GeorgiadiAK_2022.pdf, retrieved on 12.07.2024.
2. Danilakis B. (2020). Climate Change and Environmental Refugees: A Case Study Review of Bangladesh and Sahel Africa. Security magazine-ARTHRA Archives - "The issue of environmental refugees in the context of disaster and crisis management at the regional and international level", available at: https://securitymanager.gr/pdfs/arthro-danilakis-vasileios.pdf, accessed on 30.08.2024.
3. Hatziathanasiou M.-A. (2017). The Principle of Non-refoulement of Refugees in International and European Law. Dip l o ma t i c t he si s i n EU-D.P .T . Law, available at https://repo.lib.duth.gr/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12245/1/ChatziathanasiouA_2017.pd, retrieved on 03.09. 2024.
4. Karamanlidis H. (2023). The right to a healthy environment in international human rights law. Diplomatic work-Law School-D.P.Th, available at: https://repo.lib.duth.gr/jspui/bitstream/123456789/16249/1/KaramanlidisC_2023.pdf, accessed on 01.06.2024.
5. Katsaris A. (2010). Climate Change and Environmental Refugees. Publication on the official website of the Urban Non-Profit Society for the Environment and Sustainable Development "Law a n d N a t u r e " , M a y 2 0 1 0 , a v a i l a b l e a t : h t t p s : / / n o m o s p h y s i s . o r g . g r / 12099/klimatiki-allagi-kaiperiballontikoi-prosfuges-maios -2010/, retrieved on 17.07.2024.
6. Kotsoni M. (2017). The Jurisprudence of the European Court of Human Rights in environmental matters". Master thesis-D.P.Th., available at: https://repo.lib.duth.gr/jspui/bitstream/123456789/12713/1/KotsoniM_2017.pdf, retrieved on 23.09.2024.
7. Koutsouflianou D. (2022-2023). Climate change and environmental impacts as grounds for displacement and protection in asylum and immigration law. Diploma thesis-Law School-D.P.Th, available at: https://repo.lib.duth.gr/jspui/handle/123456789/17746, retrieved on 11.08.2024.
8. Krotsi M., Papaspyropoulos K. (2018). Environmental disturbances and population movement: A future refugee crisis. Diploma thesis-PA.PII-Department of International and European Studies, ava i l a b l e a t : ht t p s :// dio ne.li b.unipi .gr/xmlui /bi tst ream/ha ndle/ unip i/14 646/ TSONOU_19034.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, retrieved on 10.07.2024
9. Liana M.-Radaiu E.-D. (2015). Creating survey questionnaires: Methods used and mistakes to avoid. Bachelor's thesis - TEI of Western Greece. School of Management and Economics. Department of Business Administration (Patra), available at: http://repository.library.teiwest.gr/x m l u i / b i t s t r e a m / h a n d l e / 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 / 3 4 2 6 / / C R E A T I N G % 2 0 R E S E A R C H % 2 0 QUEST I ONNAIRES %2 0MET HODS % 2 0 U S E D % 2 0 AN D % 2 0 M I S S E S % 2 0 T O %20AVOID.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, accessed 29.05.2024.
10. Tsakiris K. (2019). Parasite. Diploma thesis-University of Macedonia-Department of Visual and Applied Arts of the School of Fine Arts, available at: https://dspace.uowm.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/123456789/3131/Konstantinos%20Tsakiris%201%20.pdf?sequence?=1&isAllowed=y, retrieved on 01.07.2024.
11. Tsetsa H.-G. (2020). European Green Deal-Prospects and Challenges. Thesis of the Master's Program "Economics and Law in Energy Markets"-OPA, available at: f1421907, retrieved 13.07.2024.
12. Tsoukas G. (2023). Climate migrants - refugees: A new global crisis as a result of climate change. Diploma thesis-Piraeus University, available at: https://dione.lib.unipi.gr/xmlui/bitstream/handle/unipi/15964/Tsoukas_mkk2031.pdf?sequence=1&isAllowed=y, retrieved on 16.07.2024.
13. Tsonou E. (2022). Population movements as a consequence of climate change. Master's Thesis-University of Piraeus, available at: https://dione.lib.unipi.gr/xmlui/handle/unipi/14646, retrieved on 12.07.2024.
14. Tyhala St.. (2020). Diploma thesis on: Environmental refugees and the challenge for their international protection. School of Law - Athens, available at: https://ikee.lib.auth.gr/record/324837/files/GRI-2020-29229.pdf, retrieved on 15.09.2024.
15. Vlachadi M. (2009). Immigration - Social Exclusion and Integration Policies in Greece. Athens: Herodotus.
16. Bierman F. & Boas I. (2008). Protecting climate refugees: The case for a Global Protocol, Volume 50, n. 6, available at: https://www.globalgovernancewatch.org/library/doclib/20160205_ClimateChangeandHumanMigration.pdf, accessed 24.09.2024.
17. Blaxter L., Hughes C. and Tight M. (2001). How to Research. Buckingham: Open University.
18. Brittan J. Bush. (2013). Redefining Environmental Refugees, Georgetown Immigration Law Journal, Vol. 27:553-577. Farrokhi, F., & Mahmoudi-Hamidabad, A. (2012). Rethinking convenience sampling: Defining quality criteria. Theory and practice in language studies, 2(4), available at: https://www.academypublication.com/issues/past/tpls/vol02/04/20.pdf, retrieved 21.06.2024.
20. Ferris E. (2017). Governance and climate change- induced mobility: International and Regional Frameworks" in "Climate Change, Migration and Human Rights: Law and Policy Perspectives" (ed. Manou D., Baldwin A, Cubie D., Mihr A. & Thorp T.) , Routledge.
21. Kolmannskog, V. (2012). Climate Change, Environmental Displacement and International Law. Journal of International Development, 24 (8).
22. McAdam, J. (2012). Climate Change, Forced Migration and International Law. Oxford University Press.
23. McDowell C & Morrell G. (2007). Non-conflict Displacement: A Thematic Literature and Organizational Review, Internal Displacement Monitoring Center of the Norwegian Refugee Council (IDMC).
24. Mediterranean Climate Initiative (2017). Naples Protocol on Climate Change and Migration. Naples: Mediterranean Climate Initiative.
25. Otunnu, O. (1992). Environmental refugees in sub-saharan Africa, Refuge, vol. 12, no. 1, pp.11-14.
26. Papadopoulou, A. (2015). The Challenges of Implementing International Law in Greece in the context of Environmental Migration. Journal of Migration Law, 7 (2).
27. Sikora A. (2021). European Green Deal - legal and financial challenges of the climate change. ERA [Academy of European Law], ERA forum 21, ERA Annual Conference on European Environmental Law in March 2020, published online on 3/11/2020, available at: https://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s12027 -020-00637-3, retrieved on 23.08.2024.
28. Tsakiris, D. (2019). Environmental Migration and Greek Policy: Challenges and Opportunities. Environmental Policy Journal, 15, p.p. 215-230. Avgerinopoulou D-Th. (2018). The Moderate Paris Agreement on Climate Change, available at: https://nomosphysis.org.gr/17392/i-metriopathis-symfonia-ton-parision-gia-tin-klimatiki-allagi/, accessed on 02.09.2024.
30. Manalis, P., Margariti, Sp. (2018). Due population movements. In environmental disturbances and wars". Presentation in the context of the Training Seminar, available at: https://www.kpethess.gr/download/seminaria_ergastiria/yliko_seminariwn/Eisigisi-Manalis_Mar garitiMetakinisis_plithismon-periballontikes_diataraxis_polemoi.pdf, accessed on 25.08.2024.
31. Maravelidi I-M.. (2021). Climate refugees: the forgotten migrants who "seek asylum" in i n t e r n a t i o n a l l a w , a v a i l a b l e a t : h t t p s : / / www. a f t o l e k s i . g r / 2 0 2 1 / 1 0 / 1 0 /klimatikoi-prosfyges-oi-xechasmenoi-metanastes-poy-zitoyn-asylo- diethnes-dikaio/, accessed 04.09.2024.
32. Martini I. (2021). Climate migration: The great threat posed by the climate crisis, available at: https://www.rosa.gr/ereyna/klimatiki-metanastefsi-i-megali-apeili-pou-fernei-i-klimatiki-krisi/, accessed on 20.09.2024.
33. Moa.gov.cy. (2015). Reduction of greenhouse gas emissions, available at: https://www.moa.gov.cy/moa/environment/environmentnew.nsf/All/932826D5D59C6399C2257 FF000303E2B?OpenDocument, accessed 03.09.2024.
34. Quintessence. (2017). Climate change exacerbates displacement crises, according to the High Commissioner, available at: https://www.pemptousia.gr/2017/05/i-klimatiki-allagi-epidinoni-tis-kr/, accessed 09.09.2024.
35. Pires-Ramos E., (2011). Climate Change, Disasters and Migration: Current Challenges to International Law, published by Nomos Verlagsgesellscaft mbH, available at: jstor.org European Parliament, Directorate General for Internal Policies, Policy Department C, Citizens' Rights and Constitutional Affairs, Study on “Climate refugees. Legal and policy responses to environmentally induced migration", available at: https://www.europarl.europa.eu/RegData/etudes/etudes/join/ 2011/462422/IPOLLIBE_ET%282011%29462422_EN.pdf, accessed 29.08.2024 .
36. Ministry of Environment and Energy. (2015). Paris Agreement, available at: https://ypen.gov.gr/perivallon/klimatiki-allagi/diethneis-diapragmatefseis/symfonia-ton-parision/,accessed on 08.09.2024.
37. Vlachadi M.- Koufioti G. and Kounios A. (2019). Asymmetric Threats in the Greek educational environment. In: Georgoyiannis P. (2020). Health Education, Pedagogical Medicine, Social Pedagogy, Counseling, Interculturality and Special Education. Proceedings of the 28th International Conference - Patras 6-7 December 2019, s.s. 512-524, available at: https://ipode.gr/wp-content /uploads/2020/05/praktika28final.pdf, retrieved on 30.09.2024.
38. Zafeiroudi I. (2018). Environmental refugees: The most important consequence of climate change, available at: https://maxmag.gr/perivallon/perivallontikoi-prosfyges/, accessed 19.09.2024.
39. European Commission (2011). Directive 2011/95/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 13 December 2011 on the requirements for the recognition of third-country nationals or stateless persons as beneficiaries of international protection, for a single status for refugees or for persons entitled subsidiary protection and on the content of the protection granted (recast), available at: https://eur-lex.europa.eu/eli/dir/2011/95/oj, accessed 11.07.2024.
40. U n i t e d N a t i o n s ( 1 9 8 2 ) . W o r l d M a p f o r N a t u r e , a v a i l a b l e a t : https://digitallibrary.un.org/record/39295, accessed 01.06.2024.
41. IOM (2019). International Dialogue on Migration: Climate Change, Environmental Degradation and Migration. Geneva: International Organization for Migration, available at: https://publications.iom.int/books/international-dialogue-migration-no-18-climate-change-enviro nmental-degradation-and-migration, accessed 07.07.2024.
42. IOM-Migration Research Series, Brown O. (2008). Migration and Climate Change. Geneva, available at: https://publications.iom.int/system/files/pdf/mrs-31_en.pdf, accessed 29.06.2024.
43. Law 4936/2022 (A΄ 105/27.05.2022). National Climate Law - Transition to climate neutrality and adaptation to climate change, emergency provisions to address the energy crisis and protect the
environment.
44. Law 4426/2016 (A΄ 187/06.10.2016). Ratification of the Paris Agreement in the United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change.
45. Law 3907/2011 (A΄ 7/26.01.2011). Establishment of an Asylum Service and a First Reception Service, adaptation of Greek legislation to the provisions of Directive 2008/115/EC "regarding the
common rules and procedures in member states for the return of illegally staying third-country nationals" and other provisions.
46. Directive 2013/32/EU of the European Parliament and of the Council of 26 June 2013 on common procedures for granting and withdrawing international protection status (recast), available at:
http://data.europa.eu/eli/ dir/2013/32/2013-06-29, accessed 20.06.2024.
47. Convention relating to the Status of Refugees (1951). Available at: https://www.unhcr.org/gr/wp-content/uploads/sites/10/2018/01/04-symvasiprotokolo.pdf, accessed 20.06. 2024.
48. Council of the European Union. (2015). The EU and the Paris Agreement, available at: https://www.consilium.europa.eu/el/policies/climate-change/paris-agreement/, accessed 08.09.2024.
49. U.N. (2015). PARIS AGREEMENT, available at: https://unfccc.int/sites/default/files/ english_paris_agreement.pdf, accessed 06.09.2024.
50. UNHCR (2017). Climate Change and Disaster Displacement: An Overview of UNHCR's role, available at: http://www.refworld.org/docid/5975a7960.html , accessed 16.07.2024.
51. UNHCR (2010). Guidance on Protecting People from the Impact of Climate Change, available at: https://www.unhcr.org/what-we-do/build-better-futures/climate-change-and-displacement, accessed
26.06.2024.
52. Y.A. 4/2019. (B` 4893/31.12.2019). Ratification of the National Energy and Climate Plan (ESEK), available at: https://www.elinyae.gr/ethniki-nomothesia/ya-42019-fek-4893b-31122019, accessed 31.05.2024.
